8– 10 Already at preschool age, a high comorbid rate is found, that even increases with age. 6, 7 Nearly two thirds of all children with ADHD have comorbid disorders, especially externalizing behavior problems also anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorders are common. 4, 5 The core symptoms are inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity, which have to occur cross-situationally. 3 The typical pattern consists of several different heterogeneous symptoms, which interact complexly.
1, 2 A recent meta-analysis confirmed this pattern of results and reports prevalance rates of 5.9%–7.1%. Keywords: impulsivity, hyperactivity, inattention, sleep disorders, childhoodĪttention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed disorders in childhood and adolescence with a worldwide prevalence of 5.29%. Specific treatment strategies should be considered for these children. These results should be kept in mind regarding the treatment and therapy of this subgroup of children. Moreover, we found a clinically reduced QoL in mean for the whole sample, indicating the strong impact of ADHD in the lives of affected children, even intensified if children exhibited comorbid insomnia and nightmares. These results were in line with our hypothetical model. Furthermore, QoL was reduced in our whole sample, and again intensified in children with comorbid insomnia and nightmares.Ĭonclusion: We verified an elevated occurrence of sleep disorders in children with ADHD and were able to link them to specific subtypes of ADHD. Moreover, we found a high impact for insomnia in this subgroup and a high comorbid load for the mutual occurrence of insomnia and nightmares. In accordance to our hypothetical model, children with primarily hyperactive–impulsive ADHD showed the highest CSHQ-DE scores. Results: On average, the whole sample had clinically elevated total scores of the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire in the validated German version (CSHQ-DE), indicating an increased prevalence of sleep disorders in children with ADHD. Overall, 46 children fulfilled the criteria of ADHD and were medication-naive. Additionally, quality of life (QoL) was assessed.
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Methods: A total of 72 children with symptoms of ADHD (aged 6–13 years 79.2% boys) were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, third edition in regards to ADHD and sleep disorders via standardized parent-rated questionnaires. By examining a sample of children with ADHD we firstly tested parts of the model. We set up a hypothetical model linking different symptoms of both disorders to construct the underlying and shared pathways.
Objectives: This study examined the links between sleep disorders and subtypes of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD-inattention, ADHD-combined, ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive) in childhood. Julia Grünwald, 1 Angelika Anita Schlarb 2ġDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 2Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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